Business Studies

This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased. Business Studies This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased. Business Studies This helps in increasing productivity and efficiency and minimization of wastage of time/cost. Due to power feature most of the times, Mr., Ram, operates on double shift in order to complete target production. He is able to achieve target but at higher cost. Mr.. Ramie's main consideration is cost cutting . So he concentrates more on producing goods with fewer resources. He is unable to achieve target production. Mr.. Joy uses minimum resources to chives target production and is also able produce goods is at lower cost. A) In the above case two important aspect of management have been highlighted, which are alike two sides of the same coin. Identify those two aspects. B) Identify the principle of Payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being followed in Learner's Ltd. (d) Though Mr.. Ram and Mr.. Ihram have failed to achieve both the aspects identified in part (a) above, yet they strives to achieve the same. Identify the value being highlighted. Answer: (a) The two concepts referred above are † efficiency† and â€Å"Effectiveness†. (b) Mr.. Joy, has considered both the aspects. C ) Principle of order (d) Responsibility : By taking care of one's own responsibility and striving for achieving efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Management of EX. Ltd. Fulfills all its objectives and the organization is able to work effectively and efficiently. It is using environment friendly methods of production and disposing off the waste material either by recycling it or using the same for landfill in such a manner that the aquatic life is not disturbed. Thus it also provides employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the society.It was also decided that the remuneration payable to the disadvantaged sections Of the society should be fair to both employees and the employer. (a) Identify the objective of Management of EX. Ltd. Which it want to fulfill by ongoing the above activities. (b) State the other two obj ectives that the management of EX. Ltd. Should fulfill. (c ) Identify the principle of payola being referred in the above case. (d) Identify any two values which EX. Ltd. Wants to communicates to the society through its above stated activities. (a) the objectives of management of EX. Ltd.Which is wants to fulfill by doing the above stated activities is social objective. (b) (l) Organization objectives and (II) personal objective. (c ) (l) principle of ‘Remuneration of employees' (d) (l) Sensitivity towards Environment: By using the waste material for cycling and landfill. (II) Responsibility : By providing employment opportunities to the disadvantaged section of the society 3. Raja Ltd. Is engaged in manufacturing electrical appliances. The company has been facing lot of problems for the last few months because of chaos between two departments two departments biz; Production Department for delayed production.However, Production Department blames sales Department for poor sales . The force can integrate the two Departments is missing. Moreover in the production department both the management' and the ‘ workers' do not realize the importance of each other. There is no corporation, Mutual confidence and sense of goodwill between the managers and workers. (a) Identify the missing force in the above case. (b) Identify which principle of Taylor is being referred above. (c ) List any two values which can be cultivated among the employees by using the force identified in (a) above. A) Coordination (b) Cooperation, Not Individualism (c ) (l) Cooperation : By integrating all group efforts. (II) Unity : By ensuring that all activities aim at accomplishment of organizational goals 4. EX. power Ltd. Set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a emote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was Increasing day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. Fo r this, they decided to employ people from nearby villages as very few job opportunities were available in that area.The company alias decided to open schools and crà ¨ches for the children of its employees. (I) identify the and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (II) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society. (I) The objectives of management referred to are: a) organizational objectives These refer to the utilization of human and material resources considering the interest of all stakeholders. (b)Social objectives These refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives of management instead of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are : (Any two) (a) providing employment opportunities (b) Development Of backward regions. (c ) Providing basic amenities to employe es. D )Concern for the environment. ( or any other correct value) 5. Mega Ltd. Was manufacturing water- heaters. In the first year of its operations , the revenue earned by the company was just sufficient to meet its costs. To increases the revenue, the company analyzed the reason of less revenue.After analysis the company decided. (l) To reduce cost by shifting the manufacturing unit to a backward area where labor was available at a very low rate. (II) To start manufacturing solar water – heater and reduce the production of electric water- heaters slowly. This will not only help in covering the risk, but also help in meeting other objectives too. (a) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above. (b) (a) The objectives of management referred to are: Organizational objectives (b) Social objectives these refer to the creation of benefit for various constituents of the society. If an example has explained survival and growth as objectives Of management inste ad of organizational objectives, full credit is to be given ) (II) Values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: (a) Providing employment opportunities (b) Development of backward regions. C ) concern for the environment. (or any other correct value) 6. AR Raman is the first Indian to to win Oscar award for his composition ‘Jaw Ho' His composition of music is unique and different as he has used the singing notes in a manner that is entirely his own interpretation. Like A. R Raman, Mr.. Rakes , General Manager in wave Ltd. Uses his knowledge of management in a unique and different manner. All the employees working under his guidance are happy and satisfied because of his behavior. He everyday rewards/ appreciates the employees for coming office on time, performing their signed tasks with best of their capabilities. Moreover, Mr.. Rakes treats all his employees as fairly as possible. He does not discriminates his employees on the basis of sex, religion, cast e, belief etc. (a) Identify the nature of the management highlighted above. (b) State two others ways in which nature of management can be explained. C ) Identify the values that Rakes wants to in calculate in his employees . Also explain how? (a) Nature of management highlighted above is ‘Management is an art' (b) The other ways in which nature of management can be explained are : (l) The Management as science and; II) Management as profession. (c ) Principle of ‘equity' (I) Good behavior in human interaction : Because all employees working under his guidance are area happy and satisfied because of his behavior. (II) Discipline/Punctuality: By rewarding the employees who come in t: mime. (Ill) Responsibility : By rewarding the employees for performing their assigned tasks . . Pizza Home is a chain of stores making pizzas, located at different states of India. Earlier the process of making the entire Pizza was assigned to individual worker. And thus, the standard regardi ng taste, quality, shape etc. As not uniform and the company was not getting good response from customers. The company decided that instead of assigning the whole job of making pizza to one employee, different employees were given the task of making pizza bases, preparing toppings , baking of pizza, packaging etc. The effects of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of common organization goals.As a result, each employee has gained perfection and specialization in his job and improved his efficiency and effectiveness. It was also decided that every branch of Pizza Home all over India Would austerities first Ten baked pizzas to poor people. (a) Identify the principle of Payola being followed by pizza Home. OR Identify and explain the principle of management being followed Pizza Home. (b )latently the feature of management being referred above. (c ) Identify the value being referred above. (a) Division fork (b) Management is a Goal oriented process (c ) Respect toward s the poor: By distributing first ten baked pizzas to poor people. . Tanya Sahara and Salaam Khan, having same educational qualifications, are working as Managers in Alfa Ltd. The management of Alpha Ltd. Enables it to provide better quality goods services generating employment opportunities, increasing wealth of nation etc. Tanya Sahara belongs to a rural area where employment opportunities area very less whereas Salaam Khan belongs to an urban area Ignoring many other differences between the two, management of Alfa Ltd. Appointed then as Assistant Manager, On the same salary packages of RSI. 45,000 per month. A) Name and briefly explain the principle of management being followed in the above case. (b) identify the value which Management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. C ) identify the value which management of Alfa Ltd. Wants to communicate to the society. (a) Principle of Equity' (l) the principle of equity implies that similar treatment is SSL_Jeered to employe es in similar positions. (II) According to this principle, managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates and there should be no discrimination on the basic of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. Ill) Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between a manger and his subordinates. (b) Management helps in Development of the Society. C ) Equity By not discriminating on the basis of gender, Caste, religion region and sex & providing equal opportunities to grow. 9. Zee Ltd. Was not performing well. After detailed analysis it was discovered that workers of the production department were not satisfied with the behavior of Mr.. Jay the production Manager as workers were forced to work for long hours without any rest.Keeping this in view this the management decided his M. B. A from MM Mandated. Mr.. Ajar analyzed the work which involved heavy manual labor. He allowed small pauses to the workers so that they could recharge their energy for optimum contribution. He also conducted a detailed analysis on the environment in which the business exist and thus he used to change the goals, plans, policies according to the needs of the environment. (a) Name the technique of scientific management adopted by Mr.. Ajar. (b) He further desires to find out the best ways of doing a job.Suggest him the technique of scientific Management. (c ) Identify the feature of management being referred above. (d) State the ‘Values' which Mr.. Ajar want to communicates to the society by allowing small pauses to workers. (a) Fatigue study (b) Method study. (c ) Management is Dynamic Function d) Respect towards employees/Humanism/ Sympathy 10. NNE of the principles Of scientific management emphasis that there should be a complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. Workers and managers should know the importance of each other.Both the groups should good understanding between them. (a) Name and expla in the principle of scientific management involved above. (b) Fool emphasized team spirit Of unity and harmony among employees. Name and explain the principle. (c ) Name the common values emphasized in (a) and (b) above. (a) Harmony not discord : Taylor has emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.Hence, both management and workers should realize the importance of each other. (b) E spirit De corps : According to Fool, † Management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among employees†. In order to achieve organizational objectives, Management should promote team work and coordination. (c ) (l) Harmony (II) Cooperation 1 1 -One of the principles of scientific Management emphasizes that † to make he employees learn the † best method† Of production, training to workers is essential†.It further emphasizes that each person should be scientifically selected and the work assigned to the employees should suit their physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. (a) Name and explain the principle of scientific management involved. (b) Name the principle of scientific management which is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods. (c ) Name the value emphasized by following the principles in part (a) above. ) Development of each and every person to his or greatest efficiency and ability. Taylor emphasized that to attain efficiency, steps should be taken right from the Efficient employees produce more to earn more. (b) Science not rule of thumb. (c ) (l) Growth for all (II) Prosperity for workers and company 12. Shanghais ( a foreman of Hair Ltd. ) is given the responsibility of meeting production target of 1 ,OHO TV. Sets in a month. The target can be completed b y placing 100 workers under him. Presently, only 80 workers are working under him.He is not giver the authority to employ 20 more workers. Hair Ltd. Fulfills financial needs, social needs and higher level needs of these employees. As a result, he fails to meet the target. (a) Which principle of Payola is not applied here? Or Which principle is being violated in the above case. (b) Explain in brief the principle which should be applied in the above case. (c ) Identify the objective of management being referred above. (a) Authority and Responsibility (b) there should be balance between authority and responsibility.If an employee has been assigned any responsibility, he must be given sufficient authority to do his job efficiently. (c ) Personal Objectives. 3. Ship enterprises is a small organization manufacturing cloth and jute bags. It follows the functional organizational structure. There is separate department for finance, marketing production and Human resource. These departments a re well co- ordinate there is a congenial work environment and employees are happy and satisfied . The employees and encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements in the organization leading to a feeling of ownership among them.Besides, the company provides nutritious and hygienic lunch tit its staff and a good creche facilities for its employees children. A) Name any one feature and one principle of management highlighted in the above case. (b) Identify any two values which Ship Enterprises wants to (l) Management is an intangible force (II) Initiative (b) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the health of the employees : By providing nutritious and hygienic lunch to all the staff and creche facility for the children of its employees' 14. BBC Ltd.Was involved in business of manufacturing leather and selling products under a famous brand ‘X' workers worked according to their past experiences as per the traditional methods. To meet the increasing demand or its product, and in order to keep the market share, the existing workforce was instructed to analyses their work scientifically work overtime, which resulted in many problems. The department, which was previously producing one type Of product, was asked to produce more than one type of products which leads to overlapping and wastage.Small jobs were combined into bigger jobs. The efficiency of workers declined due to increased workload . At times, the workers worked under many superiors and everything in the factory got misplaced due to interference of many persons, which caused hindrance to the activities. This reduced the team spirit among the workers. Lowered their morale as they felt cheated and indiscipline was induced. Intelligent employees stopped themselves to develop & carry out plans for improvements. Resultantly, Quality of products declined and market share decreased.

The Stylistic Analysis of “the Supreme Illusion” by Arnold Bennette

The Stylistic Analysis of â€Å"The Supreme Illusion† by Arnold Bennette I`d like to speculate upon Arnold Bennette and one of his works. Arnorld Bennette is a British novelist, playwright, critic, essayist and journalist. His first published novel was The Man From The North. This was followed by Anna of The Five Towns, The Old Wives` Tale, Clayhanger, The Card and Hilda Lessways. Bennette is credited with more than 80 books and during the 1920s was considered among the leaders of English literature. And now I`d like to analyse a tragic tale from The Matodor of the Five Towns which is called The Supreme Illusion. As for the title, it`s a topical one. This text is about one of man`s disillusions and this suitable title helps us to understand the contents of the story, which deals with such themes as art, theatre and famous people and their satisfied ambitions. According to its form, it`s a short story in 2 parts. A narrator comes to Paris for the production of Notre-Dame de la Lune but at the hotel an ugly woman upsets his arrival. He meets his friend Minor Boissy and they talk about Minor`s careeras a playwright. Boissy tells about his leading actress Blanche and the narrator believes that she`s a young and pretty woman but in fact Blanche is just that woman whom he met having arrived at the hotel. In the plot structure there`s exposition where we make the acquaintance of the characters and Minor tells about his life and Blanche; climax, where the narrator expects Blanche to be magnificent, and denouement – his disappointment. It seems to me that the message of the story can be formulated as a proverb â€Å"If you want no disappointment, don`t indulge in illusions† The author uses some stylistic means to create the atmosphere and to convey it to the reader: flashback- to explain the reader the reason of the narrator`s state of excited annoyance; here we can see a great number of epithets describing French hotels (reasonable little hotel, haughtily-managed hotels, a magnificent porter); detachments (humiliated and helpless, her eyes were hard-hard) and parantheses (which we all know, and whose name we all give in confidence to all our friends). The narrator`s annoyance is showed even with the help of elliptical sentences (But no! ) and it also should be noted that they are with exclamatory marks. Later the narrator calms down and to prove it the author uses antithesis (a disagreeable excitement changes into an agreeable one). The author uses direct and indirect methods of characterization to describe his characters, that`s why we can judge about his attitude to them through his descriptions. To show how unpleasant and stout the woman is numerous epithets are found (barbaric and repulsive creature, offensive hag, odious creature), climax (a savagely-dressed, ugly and ageing woman); simile (her automobile as large as a railway carriage); inversion (pretty she could never have been) and of course irony (if she had been young and pretty, she would have had the right to be rude and domineering). But for Boissy Minor she`s different; he admires her, he always desires to satisfy her ambitions. She`s the sense of his life (it`s proved by anadiplosis: it`s the woman, it`s the woman who.. ) but he`s a rather realistic person (Don`t expect too much) despite he`s a prominent and wealthy man (metonymy: all the walls of Paris were shouting his name; climax: Octave Boissy was a very wealthy man, he even looked a very wealthy man; metaphor: one of the darlings of success; epithet: of an absurdly luxurious civilazation). He`s unpretentious and always says simply (the fact is I`m neurasthenic) although his disease hurts him (epithet: a morbid horror of walking) and usage of exclamatory sentences (I couldn`t.. ; I couldn`t.. ) but he tries to show it (antithesis: at once comic and tragic smile) as he laughs a lot. By his own words he explains his choice. There`s a great number of anadiploses (it`s not a question.. , that was my sole reason.. , it`s the woman†¦, his life consisted in one thing only) I like Arnold Bennette`s style of writing. It goes without saying that his language is stylistically coloured, he perfectly mixes formal, informal and harsh words (offensive hag, to deign, monstrosities, barbaric creature). Sometimes they are useful to express the narrator`s disgust , sometimes – delight but always to intensify desired effect. The topis of this story is vital and actual and upon the theme of illusion and its aftermath we`ve speculated last time talking about the John Boyton Priestley`s play entitled The Dangerous Corner.

Analysis Price Of The Unipacket Petrol

The present project is the analysis of the data we collected. The data was collected from four locations – Inner city, Outskirts of city, Suburbs and remote regions. The data regarding the oil prices were collected from equal number of locations. The brands of oils were Shell and Caltex. Data was collected from 224 stations, equally divided amongst the two stations. The response variable of the study is the price of the unipacket petrol. The independent variables are the station from which the petrol is being purchased and the location of the petrol station. The research question for the project is: Does location of the station affect the price of petrol? To answer the above research question three hypothesis were developed. Null Hypothesis: The station brand has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate hypothesis: The station brand has an effect on the price of petrol. Null Hypothesis: The Location of the station has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The Location of the station has an effect on the price of petrol Null Hypothesis: There is no effect of the station brand and the location of the petrol station on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The station brand and the location of the petrol station is linked by the price of petrol. To answer the above question we used the two factorial ANOVA. Table 1: Frequency of Station brand and Location of the petrol station Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station a. R Squared = .416 (Adjusted R Squared = .397) Table 3: Between subject effects of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station From table 3 we find that there are statistically significant interaction between the station brand of petrol and the location of the petrol station, F(3,216)= 40.393, p = 0.000. We also find that there are statistically significant differences between the station brand and the price of petrol F(1,216)=6.272, p = 0.013. In addition, we also find that there are statistically significant differences between the location of the petrol station and the price of the petrol F(3,216) = 8.843, p = 0.000. From figure 1 and table 2 we find that the price of station brand â€Å"S† petrol is the lowest at the outskirts of the city, and the highest at the remote region. The price of station brand â€Å"NS† is the highest at the outskirts of the city and the lowest at the inner city location. From the above analysis we find that the price of unipacket petrol varies with the location and the brand of petrol station. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Situation problem and solution and evaluation Essay

Situation problem and solution and evaluation - Essay Example Burning of fossil fuels results in green house gas emission (Adger, 2005, p.23). It pollutes the atmosphere. On the other hand, deforestation results in lesser rain. Limited reserve of rain water is increasing the temperature of earth’s surface. Global warming can negatively impact on the survival of earth’s life. Just a difference of few degrees in the earth’s average temperature can result major climate change (Arnold, 2011, p.121). Whole world is experiencing this climate change since 19th century. Global warming has become one of the most important global phenomenons. Greenhouse Gas emission is the major consequence of global climate change or global warming. All countries are co-operating with each other and collaboratively trying to minimize the impact of global warming on the society. Increasing green house gas emission due to unethical business practices of several organizations is posing real threat for future generation. It is assumed that if the greenh ouse gas emission increases at continuous rate, then several animal species can get wiped out from earth within next 100 years (Jamieson, 1992, pp.139-153). It is important to control the greenhouse gas emission in order to control the effect of global warming. Problem Both greenhouse gas emission and global worming have critical intergenerational effects. Carbon dioxide is considered as the most deadly and prominent greenhouse gas. The temporal diffusion of climate change can develop various collective ethical problems. Environmental damage and global climate change become most critical global threats (Maslin, 2007, p.43). Heating up of earth’s surface due to carbon dioxide and methane gas emission is prominently affecting modern civilization. Several unethical human activities are responsible for this rapid global climate change. People are trying to implement the potential opportunities that are developed due through globalization and modern technology (Postel and Richter, 2003, pp.34-35). Number of consumption of vehicles rapidly increased over last few decades. Every single individual are trying to satisfy their comfort level by application of advanced technological instruments. Refrigerators and washing machines are important daily-life consumer durable goods. Global warming is the consequence of increasing Ozone layer in atmosphere (Rijseberman, 2006, p.12). Deadly CFC released into the atmosphere by the havoc usage of refrigerators and washing machines. Moreover, consumption of fossil fuels largely increased over past few decades. Burning of fossil fuels increases the emission of methane and carbon dioxide. The number of serious human diseases, such as cancer, TB, mental disorder and respiratory problem are increasing due to atmospheric pollution and increasing GHG emission (Vanderheiden, 2008, p.34). Deforestation is highly responsible for loss of rainfall. Water is the source of life. People are cutting down rain forest in order to develop ind ustries and complexes. Day-by-day, several species of birds are wiping out from earth due to deforestation. It is affecting ecological balance as each and every animal has effective contribution in effective ecological balance. Solution It is clear from the above discussion that government of all the countries, leading global organizations and present human generation has the responsibility to control and reduce the effect of global warming. Following

Personal Statement for admission of University majoring in Psychology

For admission of University majoring in Psychology - Personal Statement Example I am particularly interested in enrolling for a Bachelor of Psychology Degree Program as I have a persuasion that it will give me the privilege of not only meeting my academic objectives, but also fulfilling my mission in life – I long to play a part in healing and building the society as well as my life and family. I developed this interest during my undergraduate studies at Irvine Valley College where I pursued an Associate Science Degree. I was first drawn into Psychology when I took a class of Introduction to here in this College. I must confess that my teacher was encouraging, and advised me to continue with this subject. I developed a great interest in comprehending the human mind and particularly the way it works. Principally, I was trying to understand my past and myself – I realized that philosophy was helping me to unravel the mysteries of my childhood. The memories of my childhood and all I went through in and with my family are still vivid. When I was six years old, my family escaped Vietnam, following which we were always on the run and hiding. Actually, it took more than several attempts. First, the harsh and corrupt communist police captured and jailed us, then robbed and starved us. After having tried many times to leave Vietnam, we ultimately managed by means of a hand-made wooden boat with a portable engine. As we sailed, the waters were full of danger; drowned dead bodies of many whose escape attempts in the previous days failed were floating all over. After several days of misguided directions, without any knowledge of whether we were heading to open seas or back to where we had come from; after surviving stormy weathers over and above sea pirates overlooking us, we approached an American oilrig. The people we met there took us in and gave us food and warm bath. Then, they transferred us to a Malaysian Island refugee camp. Although life was hard, we were happy and we did whatever it took to survive. We learned how to make a

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example Conversely, I concur that a process map shows how each of the processes affect each other. In other words, it shows different outcomes that could result from a specific process. For instance, after initial examination, a patient can either proceed to the discharge room or can proceed to the laboratory for tests. Your elucidation that process mapping is the use of diagramming to understand the process currently used and display what is expected of each individual involved (Cookson et-al, 2011) is spot on. I concur that through process mapping, workable standards can be identified and adopted and also courses of action implemented to help improve on non-workable standards in order to arrive at better outcomes. However, I feel that you could have used an example of a problem necessitating improvement in healthcare in your process map. In my process map for instance, I have used an example showing how patients move across the clinic from the time of checking in to the time of discharge. In such an example, areas that need improvement can clearly be noted. Cookson, D., Read, C., Mukherjee, P., & Cooke, M. (2011). Improving the quality of emergency department care by removing waste using Lean Value Stream mapping. International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 17(1),

Electronic Surveillance at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electronic Surveillance at Work - Essay Example A section of the report is dedicated to assessing the positive and negative impacts of using the electronic surveillance technique in the public. The positive implications of using the electronic surveillance technique in workplaces are also mentioned. the conclusion is of the report is framed by evaluating the need for the electronic surveillance techniques and assessing how the employer groups can use the system in the most value-adding manner. There may be two types of surveillance that can be employed in an organization. These are covert surveillance and covert surveillance. Electronic surveillance is a common type of overt surveillance used by organizations to monitor the activities and behaviors of employees in the workplace. Electronic surveillance at work refers to the use of different kinds of technological devices like computers, Closed Circuit Televisions (CCTV) systems and other devices for the monitoring, recording, and tracking of the employee activities in their workplaces (Fuchs, Boersma, Alrechtslund and Sandoval, 2012). The electronic surveillance can be employed in real time as well as a record maintaining system. There are a number of electronic surveillance techniques that are used in the contemporary organizations. These include the use of computer and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) systems and telephone loggings, GPS tracking, mystery shopping, electronic recruitment and drug testing (Foster, 2011). T he developments in the electronic surveillance systems employed in the corporate world include the use of accelerometers in cell phones to monitor the activities of the employees, enterprise-wide computing device applications which are used to compile and monitor the information in the company that are posted by the employees in the social media applications and which are also used by the management of the firm and the facial recognition applications developed by Microsoft Corporation for assessing the mood of the individual.

Advise Rodney on course of action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advise Rodney on course of action - Essay Example Rodney can go to a court ÃŽ ¿f law against Derek. An example ÃŽ ¿f a case concerning a true offer is that ÃŽ ¿f Carlill v Carbolic Ball Co (1893). The company was so sure ÃŽ ¿f its smoke balls that they placed advertisements in newspapers stating that it would pay anyone who caught flu  £100 after using its smoke balls as directed. Mrs Carlill bought one ÃŽ ¿f the smoke balls, used it as directed but still caught flu. She claimed the  £100 reward but was refused, so she sued the company in contract. The court held that in this kind ÃŽ ¿f contract, which is known as a unilateral contract, acceptance consists ÃŽ ¿f performing the requested act and notification ÃŽ ¿f acceptance is not necessary. The court concluded that Mrs Carlill was entitled to recover the  £100 reward. An invitation to treat this is were a person holds himself out as ready to receive offers, which he may then either accept or reject, an invitation to treat is not legally binding where as an offer is. For example if a shop displays goods with a price tag attached, this is not an offer to sell but an invitation for customers to make an offer to buy. The Fisher v Bell (1960) case were a shop keeper displayed a flick knife in his shop window. He was charged with offering for sale an offensive weapon contrary to the provisions ÃŽ ¿f the Restriction ÃŽ ¿f Offensive Weapons Act 1959. His conviction was quashed on appeal. The Divisional Court ÃŽ ¿f the Queens Bench Division held that the display ÃŽ ¿f goods with a price ticket attached in a shop window is an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. This case outlines the difference between an offer and an invitation to treat. In the case ÃŽ ¿f business and commercial agreements, it is automatically presumed that the parties intended to make a legally enforceable contract. It is possible, however, to remove the intention by the inclusion ÃŽ ¿f an express statement to that effect in the agreement. An example ÃŽ ¿f this can be seen in the

Maternity Mentoring Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Maternity Mentoring - Research Proposal Example From the long term perspective, the employees also develop a sense of belongingness with the organisation if they get such support from their employers. Maternity Mentoring phase ensures that the parents have a feeling that they are needed by the organisation and the company would be benefitted to get them back to the organisation in the post child period. The parents also should be able to adapt to the environment in such phases of their lives. There should be proper arrangements for the mothers as well as work wise flexibility. There are generally a number of phases through which a new or would be parent would be undergoing. This dissertation paper is an attempt to analyse the various aspects of Maternity Mentoring in the wider sense of the term and the various factors of such coaching process that help the organisation to retain the best talent despite the crossing of the various cross roads of the lives of the employees. This study is conducted with the help of primary and secondary data to analyse how this process works in the organisations of the present day. Maternity mentoring in the present day is not a much widely practiced phenomenon in the corporate world. An organisation in order to implement such kind of an HR practise has to start with a pilot project considering a sample of a few employees and has to analyse the costs and benefits of starting such a programme in the organisation (Baumeister and Vohs, 2004, p. 574). It is also important to indentify the different issues that the women encounter when they commence on their re-engagement with the organisation in the post maternity period. It is also important to track the path of growth of the parents in the post parenthood phase and how the mentoring process of the parents would help them to reach a phase of development in their career (Ludeman, 2009, pp. 237- 54). Thus the focus of this particular study would be the understanding of the various aspects of maternity coaching and how the

Point Helper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Point Helper - Assignment Example This has been the case for several popular brands such as: Hewlett Packard, Pepsi, AT&T, etc. Aside from the usual research and campaign, companies have also utilized state-of-the-art recruitment materials (like quick response bar codes for AT&T), web videos, and informational web sites. From the use of one-size fits all strategy, companies have delved into specific growth opportunities and benefits of prospective employees. While oil prices in various Asian countries continue to decline significantly, it also reflects vulnerability in the macroeconomics aspect. Export commodities will be adversely affected, what with their heavy dependence on the buying power of overseas consumers. Inflation rates may also continue to climb. While the purchasing power of consumers particularly in China increases due to recent wage hike, prices of commodities will also increase. Currency appreciation will adversely increase prices of real estate and other

Maori Essay Example for Free

Maori Essay Maori According to the Maori people, they came in the Great Fleet from their homeland, Hawaiki. Most historians believe that they have Polynesian and Melanesian blood and they migrated to New Zealand from their ancestral homes in New Guinea and South East Asian countries. The historians also believe that the people of the Maori culture migrated from one Pacific island to another before reaching New Zealand. This gives them some cultural features from the different islands of the pacific, especially Polynesia and Melanesia. Their culture diffused through migration, relocation diffusion, of the tribe. The Maori people form many tribes. Maori is the term used to describe the people of Aotearoa, and they are divided into a bunch of different tribes. A good comparison of the Maori tribes is the Moriori people of Chatham Island, which is close to New Zealand. The Moriori people are similar to the Maori people in many ways. The first is their arrival to the place they call home by canoes. Another similarity is that the Moriori and Maori people both lost many through war with other tribes. Since the Moriori were isolated from mainland New Zealand, they developed different customs like Nunukus Law which was a law that banned any kind of blood shedding. People who are part of the western culture are imposing their beliefs and traditions on the Maori people. As New Zealand became increasingly westernized, things like clothing deans) are started to be worn by the Maori people. Also, Maori tribes are becoming more and more involved in going to university and working offices in cities. Government policies have also been forcing them to sacrifice some of their language and traditions, and forcing them to follow the culture of the majority.

Witchcraft Essay Example for Free

Witchcraft Essay (Many of the people who were persecuted as witches from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries were those of a seemingly inferior mindset, those who are blamed for problems in the community and those who were social outcasts. ) This time period occurred throughout the Protestant, Catholic and Scientific revolutions. The victims of the witch trials were usually persecuted in Europe as a whole however focused on areas like South Western Europe. Witches were usually people who were considered inferior due to physical appearances like women and the elderly. In Document 2 of Group D, over 75% of the executions that were analyzed were female which fits into the perspective of society starting in the early days of the church. Many women were seen as sinners since it was technically Eve, the first woman who committed the first sin. In this sense, women were forever branded as a dwelling place for a devil that can easily affect those around them as described by Kramer and Sprenger who wrote The Hammer of Witches which was a handbook used during the Inquisition by Dominican monks in Document 1 of Group B. It stated in the book that females are part of a fragile sex branded for their physical appearance and considered to be easily deceived by satanic influences. Out of the singled out group of women, those who were very elderly were often considered witches since their actual age was a phenomenon. In those day, the average age expectancy was much lower and those who were seen to have surpassed those year were often accused of being witches. In Document group D, the 3rd Document, a majority of the suspected witches were over the age of 50. W.  Fulbecke stated in Document 1 of Group C that â€Å"bodies of aged person are impure† that can easily taken over and spread diseases, he decided that this is a statement was a legit reason to believe the elderly were witches. Due to the stereotypical assumptions made about women and elderly people it was very hard for people to believe otherwise. In Group C, Document 2 it shows a more pragmatic view of women and the elderly through the eyes of a doctor name Johan Wler. Wler believed that rather being messengers from the devil, they are instead affected by metal illnesses that made them believe their delusions. Some people like Thomas Ady who witnesses a man refusing to help an elderly, refers to the elderly in Document 3 of Group A as â€Å"poor innocent neighbour† showing that some people out of the majority still questioned the validation of the accusations. Although there are few who didn’t fall for the common stereotype of women and elderly people being witches, majority ruled and unfortunately many had to suffer for it. Another group of people that were treated unfairly were those who were blamed for problems in the community. In Document 5 of Group A a poem called â€Å"The Witch of Edmonton† explains a scenario of a reason to use as an accusation. Even if you are not guilty, they â€Å"enforce† the name upon you and it was a long process until the named â€Å"redemption†. Due to the influence of huge Religious figures like Pope Innocent VIII mentioned in Group B, Document 6 that it’s the duty of the population to correct the wrongs by using the Inquisition. At this point in history, the Church worked hard to keep unified and anyone who tried to get in the way were punished. The easiest punishment was through the Inquisition. Everyone feared being tortured for a false confession and then burned like Walpuga Hausmannin did in Document 1 of Group A. Hausmannin was a midwife who was involved with the deaths of many children as is normal in her line of work. Since so many unfortunate events had occurred, she was burned at the stake. Since there wasn’t much care for accusations made against the accused, all of Europe seemed to be in a frenzy. The diary of a young Protestant boy, as seen in Document 5 of Group B, showed a state of confusion and because of the instability of communities. No matter where a person turned, Hell would be right there as well despite the Church’s useless efforts. The state of chaos Europe was in was only hurt by the constant blame of the innocent people in the community. Those who were considered social outcasts like peasants, old people and even disliked officials were targeted through the reformation. In Document Group D, number 1, a chart of the occupations of all the husbands of the women who were accused of witchcraft. This chart showed that nearly all of the wealth standings were either laborers or farmers yet hardly any upperclassmen had to deal with such accusations. Not only were those who were poor but those who were non-religious were also attack. In those days, those who tried to spread a different faith or did not believe at all were heretics that were also attacked. In Document 6 of Group A, the brother of a Chief Justice points out a certain judge that believed in witches and immediately went into detail that he is the cause of much of the troubles by not handing the woman from the trial to the Inquisition attendants. Such decisions are looked down upon and immediate draw attraction to the person who does not become involved with the Inquisition. Not only were those who were considered peasants persecuted but those who lost favor with the population. According to Document Group A, the 7th document is a letter of a mayor to his daughter. He retells the story of an executioner telling him to confess to what he was innocent for there would only be, â€Å"one torture will follow another until you say you are a witch ,†. Given no other option, the mayor is then executed as many thousands of others are as well. Being different in such a radical time period meant being an enemy, one that would be persecuted until the powerful were strong and satisfied. The witch hunt’s would eventually become part of the Church’s dark history. However this history didn’t just end with the Church, it spread far and wide. One such place was Salem, Massachusetts and then later in history become an example for the Red Scare. The insecurity and chaos of untruthful and misleading leaders and influences can play a heavy toll. It can tear nations apart and rather than becoming more unified it became more disorderly. Towns and cities became depopulated and there was also an opening for true logical reasoning to come about. This reasoning will eventually turn into regulation of trials and torture in order to stop false executions, much like the judicial system does today.

Todays Society Vs Ideal Society Sociology Essay

Todays Society Vs Ideal Society Sociology Essay In The Communist Manifesto, the authors Karl Marx and Engels feels that this capitalism with the help of industrialization is the increasing the productivity of economy way beyond expected. This is the main reason for class struggle where the oppressor rule and ruin the oppressed class. In short Capitalism has turned out to be a money making system in which rich people own private properties and to stay in the market, they distribute it according to the growing competition amongst themselves. Capital is therefore not personal, it is social, power(Marx and Engels 24). On the other, Thomas Mores Utopia is completely a different society called as an ideal society where people do not run their business for sake of profit but still live a peaceful life. The reason for peaceful and happiness in their life is unity and public ownership which solves the main social problems such as poverty and inequality. The political laws, religious principles and social issues are development in such a ma nner that it benefits not a single individual but the complete utopian society. Not only throughout the history but also in todays society money is consider as a key to success and people think that power and fame along with the rise our their wealth. In the Communist Manifesto, the authors Marx and Engels point out that rise of capital as the main source of class struggle. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx and Engels 9). The Proletariats are the low working class society that live on the labor power and do not make any profit but rather work under Bourgeoisie to produce goods for the society. On the other hand Bourgeoisies are upper class people that own private properties and business that make profit by exploiting the Proletariats. A business can only make profit when the income of capital is more than the outcome or the expense. This is possible by making the labor class, work more and pay them less. The average price of wage-labor is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the labor in bare existence as a laborer (Marx and Engels 24). T his leaves labor with no choice, but to work under the upper class for their daily living. The authors believe that this upper class people should focus more on the improvement of their labors living, as they are their sole mode to earn profit. The class struggle has still not ended, in fact the rich are becoming richer and poor becoming poorer and wealth is the one responsible for this status. The case in Thomas Mores Utopia is different. He has made up a destination named Utopia which is known for the ideal society, a perfect and a social life where there is no competition among the people. This is complete different society which has different principles which treats everyone equally and more importantly, no one owns any property by himself. Agriculture is the main occupation and each family is given a piece of land. One of the principles that is different from todays time is that Utopian family has head of household that takes the things needed without any exchange for money or direct goods. Certainly fear of want makes all kind of animal greedy and rapacious, but only mankind is made so by pride, which makes them consider their own glory enhanced if they excel others in displaying superfluous possession, and in Utopia there is no place for such thinking. If everyone begins to think in such a manner, than there are chances that we could gain freedom from class struggle and achieve unity. The Utopian laws are very fair to people because every decision is taken for the benefits of the complete society. However, some of these laws are illogical and hard on people. For example, the son must have same trade as his father. But if anyone is drawn to another occupation, he is transferred by adoption into another household where he can work at the trade he wants to pursue. This breaks the bond a child has with his family just to achieve different trade. However, after mastering both the trades, he gets to practice whichever he wants until and unless there is higher demand of the other trade in the city. Moreover, he works for the trade which benefits the society as a whole and not himself as an individual. The education in Utopian society is not mandatory and very few people are allowed to leave their labor work for education. They also believe that value of life is gained through education for which every child is given complete education. It is interesting to find that alth ough the Utopians have labor work as their main career; most of this people are seen doing intellectual studies in their free time. In todays time, the education system is in danger and needs to be rescued from the influence of the ruling class (***). This upper people, with the influence of Modern Industry, are affecting the education of children of working labor class. This leads to transformation of their children to simple articles of commerce and instruments of labor (***). Nowadays there are some countries which has public schools providing free education to children. Utopia is titled as communist state not only by critics but also by the authors of The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels. After reading the text, we find Utopia as communist state. It is mentioned in the Manifesto that profit and competition is damaging the importance of the community: The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ has left no other bond between man and man than naked self interest, than callous cash paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ has resolved personal worth into exchange value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and has set up that single, unconscionable freedom Free Trade (11). Similarly, in Utopia, Hythloday quotes that wherever there is property, everything is in the terms of wealth and profit. He further tells that it is hard for the common people to gain justice until justice is served when all the best thing go to the worst people or that happiness is possible when everything shared among themselves who are not entirely happy, while the rest are plunged into misery (46). However, some communist nations share few differences with Utopia in terms of religion. We know that religion exist in Utopia and has similar believe like other religions i.e., there is only one God but might have different nature. Whereas the communist nations like China and Russia are among the top atheist country where 59% and 22% of the population respectively, doesnt believe in God and follow no religion (Atheist). We know also that in Utopia people do not own any money or property whereas in China official misuse power of their position to gain wealth for personal benefit. The text by Thomas More, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels shows that there could be two possible societies, an ideal society, i.e., Utopian Society, where everything works with perfection and money has no value and the other society would be our present society, which is divided into upper class and working class based on wealth. People are considering money as the sole source of happiness. This thinking of ours is ruining many lives each year. Although the unfair treatment such as inequality, labor wage, and class struggle had started off in the beginning of Capitalism, still continuing and seems to be an endless one. Todays society detracts the attraction of being youthful by forcing work onto people in order to succeed. It is unjust to the workers who contribute the most to the society and receive very less in return. We must put an end to private ownership and encourage public ownership. In public ownership people dont own anything and poverty doesnt exist. However, people have a gu arantees life of happiness and stability. Work Cited Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels.  The Communist Manifesto. New York: International Publisher, 2012. Print.

The North Cascades :: essays research papers fc

The North Cascades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The North Cascades became a national park on October 2, 1968. It is located in the north central area of Washington. Since it’s inception the park’s mission statement has evolved to include concerns of the entire ecosystem. (www.seattleinsider.com) When you go to the North Cascades in Washington, you can visit and do a variety of things. Some major tourist attractions are the beautiful ice sculpted, jagged mountains, which rise above deep-forested valleys-terrain carved by moving ice. The Park Complex contains more glaciers than any other national park in the United States outside Alaska. These glaciers are an important source of water for salmon, other wildlife, plants, and people in the Puget Sound region. The cascading waters, which provide a large and expanding nearby population with a wide variety of recreational opportunities, from boating and camping to climbing and backpacking. The vast wildlife also is a major attraction because it is the co re of one of the largest protected wild areas in the United States and is a substantial portion of it is designated wilderness. Humans here are visitors, who come to enjoy nature on nature's terms. The park provides a habitat for one of the greatest diversities of plant life in North America including rare and sensitive species. Some wildlife that live here are a variety of fish, deer, moose, geese, all kinds of birds, horses, bald eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, mountain lions, mountain goats and black bears. Ancient forest holds millions of living organisms and thousands of diverse life forms. The history of the park in general is also a tourist attraction for the park its was after all home to at least 4 tribes whose descendants now live nearby and includes, within its boundaries, three contemporary communities. (www.northcascades.net)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The park and its breathtaking features attract 400, 000 visitors per year. The highest visitation time is usually in August and the lowest is in January. When visitors are here they can do the following: go backcountry camping, hiking, mountain climbing, fishing, horseback riding, wildlife and bird watching, scenery viewing, boating. Facilities include hiking trails, horse rentals nearby, small boat rentals, and professional guide, climbing, pack train services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been stated that there have been no known fires or floods that have occurred in this area. The wildlife and vegetation is basically the same as it is now. (www.nps.gov)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some educational programs offered at the North Cascades National Park are: field seminars, retreats, graduate programs, teacher workshops, volunteer service learning, skagit watershed education project, and the Northwest Mountain School which is a school for mountaineering, rock climbing, backpacking and more.

The Presence and Justification of Autoeroticism in The Rocking-Horse Wi

D.H. Lawrence’s writings often mirror elements of his own life, though they contain decidedly fictitious components. The characters in Lawrence’s The Rocking- Horse Winner closely resemble his own family. Like Paul, Lawrence was seeking a way out of the misfortune of pre-war London living. Unlike Lawrence, Paul is already well-to-do. Paul’s search consists of a yearning for affection and acceptance. In The Rocking-Horse Winner a young boy finds a certain calling within himself that serves to vastly improve the standing of his entire family. However, Paul’s supernatural ability to choose the winners of horse races is but a cursory assessment of the story’s secrets. Digging deeper, the reader becomes aware of a darker meaning to Paul’s wild rides. There are two things are revealed throughout Paul’s character development; first, that he is seeking his mother’s affection. Secondly, in doing so, there is an apparent autoeroticis m linked to his seemingly innocent rocking-horse. Chief in the comprehension of Paul’s longing for motherly affection is having an understanding of Paul’s mother. She is generally a detached woman. Cold by most accounts, even her own, â€Å"only she herself [knows] that at the center of her heart [is] a hard little place that [can] not feel love, no, not for anybody† (Lawrence, 559). Paul’s mother feels the three children are a burden on an already cash strapped and unfulfilling relationship with her husband. Therefore, she is phony and removed where they are concerned. â€Å"She [has] bonny children, yet she [feels] they [have] been thrust upon her, and she [can] not love them [†¦] when her children [are] present, she always [feels] the center of her heart go hard† (Lawrence, 559). Symptoms of post-partum depr... ...nt Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development. Ed. Richard M. Lerner and Laurence D. Steinber. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 576-81. Print Gioia, Dana. "The Rocking-Horse Winner." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. By X. J. Kennedy. 11th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2010. 556-63. Print. Isaacs, Neil D. â€Å"The Autoerotic Metaphor in Joyce, Sterne, Lawrence, Stevens, and Whitman.† Literature and Psychology. 15th ed. 1965. 98-102. Print. Kazdin, Alan E. "Oedipus Complex." Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. 494-96. Print. Lamson, Roy, et al., eds. â€Å"Critical Analysis of ‘The Rocking-Horse Winner.’† The Critical Reader. Rev. ed. New York: Norton, 1962. 52-6. Print. Widmer, Kingsley. The Art of Perversity. Seattle: Washington UP, 1962. Print.

Television Programs: How They Affect Society :: essays research papers

Television Programs: How It Affects Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was an accident,† proclaimed Janet Jackson after her Super Bowl fiasco, â€Å"a wardrobe malfunction.† It didn’t appear to be one to the millions of people who witnessed the exposing of one of Jackson’s breasts. Many were shocked and outraged, but this type of thing isn’t new for the infamous â€Å"boob tube†. In 1977, the miniseries â€Å"Roots†, was the first TV show to air bare breasts (Clark 1070). Even still, television programs have come a long way since that and the time of their creation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invented in 1923, television programs started off with airing sporting events, news hours, and cookie cutter programs (â€Å"History of TV† History). These programs usually taught morals and lessons at their closings and gave a false sense of reality. Today, you can see just about anything on TV, from someone being gunned down to wild and risk-free sex between couples (Gay couples too!). Studies have been done to see if these scenes seen by society can affect us negatively, as children have been analyzed through adulthood to see if violent and sexual behavior on TV has affected them badly. The results are children starting to deal with adult issues at an early age due to the graphic nature of television programs. Society now is more aggressive and losing it’s values. With this said, television programs have clearly evolved since 1923 and affected society negatively due to it’s violent and sexual content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since it’s start television has grown in availability and reached the living rooms of many. Television’s expansion started off slow due to the Depression and World War II. By the end of World War II, TV was certain to grow as fast as the radio had twenty years prior (Jost 1139). Television has also developed better technology as it is now shown in color with digital picturing. This started towards the late 1930's, when new technology was being used to show baseball games and special events (Jost 1138).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the rise in technology companies have come up with a new system, interactive television. â€Å"With digital interactivity, consumers are in total control of the programming they bring into their homes,† declared Time Warner Chairman Gerald Levin on interactive television (qtd. in Jost 1131). I have witnessed firsthand, interactive TV as my cable company, Comcast, offers something similar called On Demand TV. With it I can choose movies or shows I want to watch.

Miracles and Science Essay

1. Introduction: Miracles as violations of the laws of nature Unbelievable, isn’t it, that there are still students at this university who believe in stories from the Bible, said Martin, an older colleague, at one of the formal dinners around which the traditional life of Oxford University revolves. But Martin, I answered, their faith probably doesn’t differ much from mine. I can still see his face go pale while he nearly choked on his glass of St. Emilion Grand Cru Classà ©: How can you believe in such things nowadays – Walking on water, a resurrection from the dead? Those are miracles, and aren’t you a scientist? Oh, how interesting, say John and Ruth, a couple that I have just met at the end of a church service. You are a scientist. They look a bit unsure of what to say next and John blurts out, I read recently that we still don’t understand how birds can fly so many miles to the south and yet return to exactly the same place each summer. Scientists can’t explain this; it is a miracle, don’t you think? I never quite know what to say next in such conversations. Perhaps nine years of living in Britain have made me too sensitive to that most cardinal of English social sins – causing embarrassment. But there is more to it than that. Behind these statements lies a tangle of complex intellectual issues related to the definition and scope of science, the nature of God’s action in the world, and the reliability and interpretation of the Bible. These have exercised many of greatest minds in history: The debate between atheism and religious belief has gone on for centuries, and just about every aspect of it has been explored to the point where even philosophers seem bored with it. The outcome is stalemate. 1 So says my Oxford colleague Alister McGrath. Although these subtleties are well known to philosophers and historians of  science, public discourse on science and religion often seems blissfully unaware of them. 2 Everyone brings a set of presuppositions to the table. To make progress, these should first be brought out into the open. Without time for an honest conversation in which we can listen to each other in depth, I won’t know exactly what Martin, John, or Ruth’s presuppositions are. But, for the sake of this essay, I will be a bit presumptuous and venture a guess. My guess would be that, although both seem to be on opposite sides of a vast divide, they are in fact influenced by a similar perspective on science and miracles, one first laid down by the great sceptical Scottish philosopher David Hume, who wrote: A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature, and as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws, the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as any argument from experience can possibly be imagined. This language of â€Å"miracles as violations of the laws of nature† has framed the debate ever since. Martin, John and Ruth, perhaps without realizing it, are living under the long shadow of David Hume. Martin may think that science is the only reliable route to gaining knowledge about the world, and that, since belief in miracles is obviously unscientific, such belief must ipso facto be false. John and Ruth may feel a similar tension between science and miracles, and are therefore encouraged by any natural process that seems inexplicable. Weakening the power of science would seem to strengthen the case for God acting in the world: If we know that today God miraculously steers a bird back to its original habitat after a long return flight to the south, then it is easier to believe that 2000 years ago he turned water into wine at a wedding in Cana. Now, as a Christian scientist who believes in the miracles of the Bible, I take issue with both of the views above. But to explain this better, I need to first take a step back and answer two critical questions: What do I mean by science, and what does  the Bible say about miracles? 2. Defining Science The problem of deciding where to draw the lines around science has vexed generations of philosophers. Like many unsolved issues, it has been given its own name—â€Å"the demarcation problem.† Although one can determine with some degree of consensus what the extremes of the science/non-science continuum are, exactly where the boundary lies is fuzzy. This doesn’t mean, however, that we cannot recognize science when we see it4, but rather that a watertight definition is difficult to create. The old fashioned idea (still taught in many schools) that scientific practice follows a well-defined linear process—first make an observation, then state a hypothesis, and then test that hypothesis—is certainly far too simple. Science as a tapestry Rather than attempt to come up with a careful and precise definition of science or scientific practice, I will instead resort to a favorite metaphor of mine. It originates with one of my former teachers at Cornell, the p hysicist David Mermin, who describes science as a â€Å"tapestry† woven together from many threads (experimental results, interpretations, explanations, etc.).5 It is only when one examines the tapestry as a whole that it will (or will not) make a convincing pattern. Creating scientific tapestries is a collective endeavor building on mutual trust and the communal experience of what kinds of arguments and evidence are likely to stand the test of time. In part because the skill of weaving reliable scientific tapestries relies on subtle judgements, a young scientist may work for years as an apprentice of older and more experienced practitioners before branching out on his own. In this process there are many parallels with the guilds of old. I am fond of this metaphor because it describes what I think I experience from the inside as a scientist. Moreover, it also emphasizes the importance of coherence and consistency when I weave together arguments and data to make an â€Å"inference to a best explanation.†6 The strong communal element inherent in scientific practice has at times been seized upon by sociologists of science to argue that s cientific knowledge is just one more type of human construct with no greater  claim on reality than any other form of knowledge. But scientists as a whole have reacted to this proposition in a negative way.7 Although they agree that all kinds of economic, historical and social factors do play a role in the formation of scientific theories, they would argue that, in the long run, the scientific process does lead to reliable knowledge about the world. The view of nature embraced by most scientists that I know could be described as critical realism. They are realists because they believe that there is a world out there that is independent of our making. The adjective â€Å"critical† is added because they recognize that extracting knowledge about that world is not always straightforward. Thus, the primary role of the collective nature of the scientific process is to provide a network of error-correcting mechanisms that prevent us from fooling ourselves. The continual testing against nature refines and filters out competing scientific theories, leading to advances in the strength and reliability of our scien tific knowledge tapestries. Although there are many commonalities in the ways that scientists in distinct fields assemble their tapestry arguments, there can also be subtle differences. These differences are foisted on us in part by the types of problems that each field attempts to address. For example, as a theoretical physicist I’ve been trained in a tradition of what the Nobel Laureate Eugene Wigner called â€Å"the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics:† The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. We should be grateful for it and hope that it will remain valid in future research and that it will extend, for better or for worse, to our pleasure, even though perhaps also to our bafflement, to wide branches of learning.8 We believe, based on a history of spectacular success, that mathematical consistency among threads is a key indicator of strong tapestries.9 These days, I spend much of my time interacting with biologists who tend to view my confidence  in the ability of theoretical models to extract knowledge about the physical world with great suspicion.10 I, on the other hand, am often instinctively sceptical of the huge error bars that can afflict their data.11 To a large degree, these cultural differences are forced on us by the kinds of questions we study. My reaction above arises because physics is self-limiting. As a community we simply don’t deal with problems of the same level of complexity that biology does. If an experiment is too messy we will often define it away by declaring â€Å"that isn’t physics,† and move on. Similarly, molecular biologists can afford to be more selective about their data than medical scientists or psychologists can.12 But, despite these cultural differences, which can lead to heated and sometimes frustrating discussion, we do agree on a number of ground rules for defining what makes a tapestry strong. For example, what we either predict or measure should be repeatable. If I claim to see an effect in an experiment, someone else in a different lab should be able to reliably measure the same effect.13 That simple requirement has many ramifications for the types of problems we are able to address The limits of science There are many questions that simply are not amenable to purely scientific analysis. A very lucid discussion of this issue can be found in the book The Limits of Science by Nobel Prize winner (and atheist) Sir Peter Medawar, who wrote: That there is indeed a limit upon science is made very likely by the existence of questions that science cannot answer and that no conceivable advance of science would empower it to answer†¦ It is not to science, therefore but to metaphysics, imaginative literature or religion that we must turn for answers to questions having to do with first and last things. and Science is a great and glorious enterprise – the most successful, I argue, that human beings have ever engaged in. To reproach it for its inability to answer all the questions we should like to put to it is no more sensible than to reproach a railway locomotive for not flying or, in general, not performing any other operation for which it was not designed.14 Science’s great power derives from its self-imposed limits. It is wrong to ask it to pronounce on issues outside its jurisdiction. In fact, the most important decisions in life cannot be addressed solely by the scientific method, nor do people really live as if they can. In the words of Sir John Polkinghorne, former professor of Mathematical Physics at Cambridge and Anglican priest: We are entitled to require a consistency between what people write in their studies and the way in which they live their lives. I submit that no-one lives as if science were enough. Our account of the world must be rich enough – have a thick enough texture and a sufficiently generous rationality – to contain the total spectrum of human meeting with reality. But just because we don’t live life by the scientific method doesn’t mean that the only alternative is irrationality. For example, if I were to decide to get married, a truly irrational approach would be to pick a random woman off the street. Instead, assuming I find a potentially willing partner, it is wise to go through a period of courtship during which we get to know each other. We may also ask for the opinion of wise friends. There are helpful counseling programs with compatibility lists, etc. that, in fact, often use knowledge that scientific techniques have extracted from our collective experience and wisdom. But at the end of the day I can’t demand scientific certainty before deciding to marry someone. Nor is it wise to perform repeatable experiments! I need to make a volitional step because there are aspects of marriage that I can only see from the inside.15 Another example of a method used to obtain knowledge is the legal process which, although it is a tightly organized system, is not strictly scientific. Similarly, a historian will use a combination of evidence (e.g. manuscripts) and understanding about the thinking patterns of a particular era to make informed judgements about what happened in the past. Clearly, this big question of how to extract reliable  information about the world, how to separate fact from mere opinion, is indeed a very difficult and important one. 3. Miracles and the Bible How can we then judge whether or not the miracles of the Bible are reliable? Since the word miracle has taken on so many different meanings, it is important to first examine the biblical language. The New Testament predominantly uses three words for miracle: ï‚ ·teras, a wonder ï‚ ·dunamis, an act of power ï‚ ·semeion, a sign Sometimes it combines all three, as in Acts 2:22: Men of Israel, listen to this: Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by God to you by miracles (dunamis), wonders (teras) and signs (semeion), which God did among you through him, as you yourselves know. The word teras (wonder) is almost always used together with one of the other words, emphasizing that the main point of biblical miracles is not to merely elicit amazement but rather to serve a higher theological purpose. For this reason, biblical miracles cannot be understood outside of the theological context within which they occur. They are not anomalous events. This principle provides a key to the proper assessment of their validity. Nature is what God does Miracles happen against a backdrop. In this context, it is illuminating to see how the Bible describes God’s action in the natural world. For example in Psalm 104, that great poem about nature, we read, He makes springs pour water into the ravines, it flows between the mountains The first part of this verse refers to God’s direct action while the second part suggests that water flows through its own natural properties. Read the Psalm for yourself and notice how fluidly the point of view changes back and forth between what we might call the laws of nature and the direct action of God. Such dual descriptions can be found throughout the Bible. The New Testament is even more explicit: The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. (Hebrews 1:3)  and He is before all things, and in him all th ings hold together (Col 1:17) In other words, if God were to stop sustaining all things by his powerful word, the world would stop existing. That is why, when describing nature, the Bible so easily switches perspectives depending on whether it is emphasizing the regular behavior of natural phenomena, or their origin in God’s providential sustenance. So, as St. Augustine might say, Nature is what [God] does.16 Augustine doesn’t mean that nature is the same as God (pantheism), for, as he also argued, God operates outside of space and time. Nevertheless, and this is a very subtle point, 17 a case can be made for ascribing some independent causal power to the laws of nature. On the other hand, there is no room within a robust biblical theism for the opposite deistic notion that God started the world and then left it to run on its own, completely independently, because descriptions of God’s continuous care for creation are found throughout Scripture: Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father. And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered. (Matthew 10:29,30) As Christian thinkers throughout the Middle Ages wrestled with the questions of miracles and God’s action in the world, the following ideas emerged: if the regularities of nature are a manifestation of the sustenance of God then one would expect them to be trustworthy and consistent, rather than capricious. The regular behavior of nature could be viewed as the â€Å"customs of the Creator† as it were. Christians glorify God by studying these â€Å"laws of nature.† A strong case can be made that such theological realizations helped pave the way for the rise of modern science.18 By the time the Royal Society of London, the world’s first scientific society, was founded in 1660, Christian thinkers like the metaphysical poet John Donne, then dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, could write: the ordinary things in Nature, would be greater miracles than the extraordinary, which we  admire most, if they were done but once†¦ only the daily doing takes off the admiration.19 God of the gaps A similar sentiment lies behind a famous exchange between those old adversaries, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton. The latter noticed that the orbits of the planets did not appear to be stable when calculated over long periods, and postulated that the solar system needed occasional â€Å"reformation† by God. Leibniz objected that,  if God had to remedy the defects of His creation, this was surely to demean his craftsmanship. 20 In other words, the regular sustaining activity of God, as evidenced by natural laws, should be sufficient t o explain the regular behaviour of the solar system, without the need for additional ad-hoc interventions. Making it right the first time is more glorious than having to fix it later. In the same context, Leibniz also emphasised the theological nature of miracles: And I hold, that when God works miracles, he does not do it in order to supply the wants of nature, but those of grace. Whoever thinks otherwise, must needs have a very mean notion of the wisdom and power of God.21 A more modern version of Leibniz’s general objection can be found in a famous statement by Charles Coulson, the first Oxford professor of Theoretical Chemistry who wrote, When we come to the scientifically unknown, our correct policy is not to rejoice because we have found God; it is to become better scientists.22 He popularized the phrase â€Å"God of the gaps† for those who, perhaps like John and Ruth, think that God is found primarily in the lacunas of our scientific understanding. Two sorts of miracles Science, as well as tools from historical disciplines, can be brought to bear on biblical miracles. For example they can be split into those that are examples of providential timing (type i miracles) and those that can only be viewed as directly violating physical cause-effect  relationships (type ii miracles). An example of a possible type i miracle would be the crossing of the river Jordan by the people of Israel: Now the Jordan is at flood stage all during harvest. Yet as soon as the priests who carried the ark reached the Jordan and their feet touched the water’s edge, the water from upstream stopped flowing. It piled up in a heap a great distance away, at a town called Adam in the vicinity of Zarethan, while the water flowing down to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea) was completely cut off. So the people crossed over opposite Jericho. (Joshua 3:15,16) Colin Humphreys, Cambridge professor of material science, has studied this miracle in great detail 23 and notes that the text supplies a number of unusual clues, including the fact that the water was blocked up a great distance away at a particular town. He has identified this with a location where the Jordan has been known to temporarily dam up when strong earthquakes cause mudslides (most recently in 1927). For many scientists, the fact that God is working through natural processes makes the miracle more palatable: The scientist, even when he is a believer, is bound to try as far as possible to reduce miracles to regularities: the believer, even when he is a scientist, discovers miracles in the most familiar things.24 Of course this doesn’t take away from the fact that there was remarkable timing involved. Perhaps the attraction of this description comes in part because there is a direct corollary with the very common experience of â€Å"providential timing† of events, which believers attribute to God’s working.25 There are also miracles in the Bible that defy description in terms of current science. Perhaps the most significant of these is the resurrection of Jesus Christ. If anything, science has strengthened the case for this not being a type i miracle. For example, in John 19:34 we read: Instead, one of the soldiers pierced Jesus’ side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water. Modern medicine suggests that this is clear evidence that the pericardium, a membrane around the heart, was pierced, confirming that he was in fact dead. The more we know about the processes of decay that set in after death, the less likely it appears that Jesus could have risen from the dead by any natural means. Rather, science strengthens the case that if Jesus did indeed rise from the dead, the event must have occurred through a direct injection of supernatural power into the web of cause and effect that undergirds our physical world – it was a type ii miracle. Of course the resurrection is central to Christian teaching: And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith. (I Corinthians 15:14) Given that almost every great Christian thinker in history has emphasized the fact that miracles must be understood within the context of a theological purpose, perhaps one could invert this argument and say that it is not surprising that the central eve nt in history would be miraculous. 26 So where has this argument brought us? I have argued that the precise relationship between miracles and science has been the subject of a long and unresolved debate with strands reaching back to the early Church fathers. Theologians wrestle with questions that concern the differences between God’s regular sustaining action and His special non-repeating actions, i.e. miracles, and how these fit in with redemptive purpose. There is a link to the question of demarcation in science, since within a robust biblical theism the regular working of God’s action, the â€Å"customs of the Creator† (or natural laws) are, almost by design, amenable to scientific analysis. Biblical miracles, in contrast, are always linked to special theological purpose and are therefore, almost by definition, non-repeatable and a-scientific. 4. The decisive significance of worldviews If Martin and I would have time to get this far in conversation, I’m sure we would have swiftly passed th e red herring of natural science being the touchstone upon which to examine biblical miracles. But Martin could point out that Hume made a number of other arguments against miracles, namely: Witness testimony is often suspect. ï‚ ·Stories get exaggerated in the retelling. Miracles are chiefly seen among ignorant and barbarous people. ï‚ ·Rival religions also have miracle stories, so they cancel each other out. These arguments are substantial, and I refer to footnote 3 for an introduction to the voluminous literature they have inspired. However, we can take a little stab at the first two objections. It is true that witness testimony cannot always be trusted and that stories change with time. But these are the same problems that face legal systems and historians. Nonetheless, we can employ the tools of these professions to examine biblical miracles. Take, for example, the resurrection of Jesus Christ. There is significant extrabiblical historical evidence that he indeed lived. Much has been written about the general trustworthiness of the Gospels. For example, there is much internal evidence, in both the style and content of the narratives, that the writers themselve s were convinced that Jesus did indeed rise from the dead. Tradition holds that 11 of the 12 original apostles were martyred for this belief that turned a group of cowards into a people who â€Å"turned the world upside down.† Although it is well beyond the scope of this essay, a very strong case for the plausibility of the resurrection can be made.27 Similar analysis can be brought to bear on other miracle claims, including those of other religions. After all, every meaningful system of thought must be open to careful scrutiny. But I suspect that often, underneath the surface, it is really the third argument that carries the most persuasive force. In part because history is littered with claims for the miraculous that seem bizarre, or smack of superstition, and in part because the incredible advances of modern science and technology inspire awe, we can intensely feel the attraction of identifying with the latter and not the former. This disposition is exemplified in the following quote by the theologian Rudolph Bultmann, a man famous for his attempts to de-mythologize the New Testament: It is impossible to use electric light and the wireless and to avail ourselves of modern medical and surgical discoveries, and at the same time to believe in the New Testament world of spirits and miracles.28 By getting rid of the miracle stories in the Bible,  Bultmann and his followers hoped to make the Christian story more palatable to modern man. Although I recognize the emotional weight of this sentiment, I am not convinced that it is an intellectually coherent approach, mainly for reasons of self-consistency. If the New Testamentitself asserts, both directly and indirectly, that the historicity of the resurrection is foundational to Christianity, then it would seem to stand or fall by that fact. As a physicist, I have a natural penchant for wanting to see how an idea relates to more basic principles. And to analyze the validity of a quote like the one above, we must take a cold hard look at our fundamental presuppositions. In the words of John Polkinghorne: If we are to understand the nature of reality, we have only two possible starting points: either the brute fact of the physical world or the brute fact of a divine will and purpose behind that physical world.29 Where does each of those two fundamental starting points take us? When we use them to construct a worldview, what kind of sense does it make of experience, morality, truth, beauty, and our place in the world? These are not easy questions. There is so much mystery around us. Perhaps the best way to move forward would be to borrow Mermin’s tapestry analogy and carefully investigate whether the different threads of historical evidence, philosophical consistency, and personal knowledge can be woven together into a worldview that is robust. In particular, does our tapestry posses those qualities of coherence and (surprising) fruitfulness that characterise the best scientific tapestries? If I start from the brute facts of nature, I personally am unable to construct a tapestry that is both rigorous and rich enough to make sufficient sense of the world. By contrast, if I assume a divine will and purpose behind the world I believe that I can construct a much more compelling tapesty that incorporates all of the threads of human  existence. Within that purposeful world, the case for Christianity is much more persuasive. To use a famous quote from C.S. Lewis: I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen-not only because I see it, but because by it, I see everything else.30 It is the sum total of all those arguments that convinces me of the veracity of biblical miracles. Nevertheless, I recognize that no matter how cogent, say, the historical evidence for the resurrection is, if I start from a different worldview, as Martin and Rudolph Bultmann do, then it will be virtually impossible to accept the existence of biblical miracles. (In the end I think this is what Hume is really saying). Miracles cannot be interpreted independently from the theological context in which they function. They are part of a package deal. I don’t know what Martin would make of all that. We would surely need more than one glass of wine to complete this discussion (but wouldn’t it be fun?). 5. Conclusion Finally, what would I say to John and Ruth? If they are like many Christians I know, they might feel a slight uneasiness with science, a subconscious fear fed by the pontifications of some popularizers who seem keen to equate science with atheism.31 So perhaps I would first point out the obvious limits of science. But then I might tell the story of Leibniz and Newton’s exchange, and point out that Newton was a good enough theologian not to turn the alleged instability of the planets into a God of the gaps argument. Similarly, if it is true that we don’t yet understand how birds can navigate so accurately over large distances, then surely it would bring more glory to God to search for the mechanisms by which such remarkable feats are accomplished: It is the glory of God to conceal a matter; to search out a matter is the glory of kings. Proverbs 25:2 Perhaps because evolution has been a particularly favorite bludgeon of the science = atheism cabal, a Christian mini-industry has sprung up to debunk it. Unfortunately, this only feeds the public misperception that the core of the conflict between science and faith concerns scientific mechanism (evolution did or did not occur) rather than one of the philosophy and interpretation of science. God could, of course, have regularly used miracles to create throughout the time-span of natural history. He is free. But whether he did so in natural history is fundamentally a question of Biblical interpretation. 32 Surely it is even more glorious if God could design a physical system that creates itself through the regularities of his sustaining action. Like many of my Christian scientific colleagues who hold to a high view of Scripture, I believe the biblical text allows itself to be interpreted in this way, that sentient beings arose primarily through the ordinary â€Å"customs of the Creato r,† and that moreover it glorifies God to seek to understand these patterns.33 John and Ruth might then ask: if I emphasize the integrity of the regular action of God in sustaining the universe, and even in creating us, then why should miracles occur at all? Can they occur today? Rather than answer that theological question directly, let me resort to a musical analogy borrowed from Colin Humphreys. Suppose you are watching a pianist play a classical piece. You will notice that there are certain notes that he plays, and certain ones that he never does. The choice of notes is constrained because the music is being played in a particular key signature. But then, occasionally he may break this rule and play an unusual note. Musicians call these accidentals, and a composer can put them in wherever she likes (although if there are too many the music would sound strange). As Humphreys puts it, If he is a great composer, the accidentals will never be used capriciously: they will always make better music. It is the accidentals which contribute to making the piece of music great. The analogy with how God operates is clear: God created and upholds the universe but, like the great composer, he is free to override his own rules. However, if he is a c onsistent God, it must make more sense than less for him to override his rules.34 Notes 1. 2. 3. Alister McGrath, Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes and the Meaning of Life, (Blackwell, Oxford 2005) p 92. A good example of this is Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, (Bantam, London 2006) David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, (1748). Hume’s argument has often been criticized for being self-referential. He at first presupposes that no reasonable person can believe that the laws of nature can be violated, and then concludes that miracles cannot occur because he defines them as violations of the laws of nature. Note that this analysis is not accepted by all commentators. Colin Brown, Miracles and the Critical Mind, (Paternoster, Exeter, 1984) provides a lucid overview of the debate. See also John Earman, Hume’s Abject Failure. The Argument against Miracles (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000) for a critical view, and Peter Harrison, â€Å"Miracles, Early Modern Science, and Rational Religion†, Church History 75 (3) pp. 493-511 (2006) for an interesting historical perspective. I am reminded of a famous quote by US Supreme Court judge Potter Stewart who, when asked to distinguish between art and pornography, noted that although it was hard to define: â€Å"I know it when I see it† (Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)). N. David Mermin, â€Å"The Golemization of Relativity†, Physics Today 49, 11–13 (1996) Peter Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation, (Routledge, London, 2004) In the 1990’s this tension between sociologists and the scientific community erupted into the so-called ‘Science Wars’. For a good overview, see e.g. J. A. Labinger and H. Collins (eds), The One Culture? A Conversation about Science, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001). Quote from Nobel Prize winner E. Wigner, â€Å"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences†, Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I (February 1960). An iconic example would be Paul Dirac’s 1928 prediction of anti-ma tter, which he showed to be necessary to satisfy the mathematical consistency constraints  imposed by combining quantum mechanics and special relativity for electrons. See P.A.M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 117, 610 (1928). The cultural differences between more mathematically minded physical scientists and more empirically minded biological scientists are discussed by Evelyn Fox Keller, in a fascinating book: Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines, Harvard University Press, Boston (2002). Such instinctive reactions are what make interdisciplinary research so difficult. Clearly biology has been incredibly successful despite its differences with my scientific culture. I also suggest that as the questions we ask become difficult (often the case for applied subjects like medicine), the tapestries, by necessity, become more fragile. I realize that this is more subtle for historical sciences like geology and cosmology (we have, for example, only observed one universe). Nevertheless, even in these fields, parallel concepts apply. P.B. Medawar, The Limits of Science, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1987) . There are interesting analogies here to making a religious commitment. Christians would argue that important aspects of the Christian life can only be understood and experienced from within a relationship with Christ. That is not to say that a step of faith is just a blind leap in the dark. It should be a decision that is informed by careful thinking and weighing of evidence. But it is more than just that. Augustine, Literal Commentary on Genesis, c AD 391 See e.g. C. J. Collins, Science and Faith: Friends or Foes? (Crossway, Wheaton, 2003) ch 11. See e.g. R. Hooykaas, Religion and the Rise of Modern Science, (Eerdmans, Grand Rapids,1972) John Donne (Eighty Sermons, #22 published in 1640) John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion , CUP, Cambridge (1991), p147. Leibniz, as quoted by C. Brown, Miracles and the Critical Mind, (Paternoster, Exeter, 1984), p 75. Charles Coulson, Christianity in an Age of Science, 25th Riddell Memorial Lecture Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1953). Colin Humphreys The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist’s Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories, (Harper Collins, San Francisco, 2003). R. Hooykaas, op cit One could argue that God must nevertheless employ divine action to set up the conditions necessary for a type i miracle to occur at the right time. In that sense both kinds of miracles may involve violations of normal physical cause-effect relations, but in type i this is more hidden. Note that I am not arguing that miracles  break ultimate cause-effect relationships. Within a divine economy, they may make perfect causal sense. Language like â€Å"violation of physical cause-effect† reflects our limited access to the mind of God.